These variations are further analyzed to understand genome features and population structure to aid in further research and applications. In this study, we sequence 427 moso bamboo individuals from 15 representative geographic distribution areas of moso bamboo in China to identify genome-wide variations, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small insertions, and deletions (InDels), structural variations (SVs), and copy number variations (CNVs). Carrying out WGRS in moso bamboo will help to identify and utilize variants of different frequencies in the population that may contribute to crucial phenotypes, including bamboo property traits. With the advent of next-generation sequencing technology, WGRS has greatly facilitated the identification of sites associated with phenotypic traits 16, 17, such as plant disease resistance, yield, and property traits. Whole-genome resequencing (WGRS) has been widely applied to important plants to understand the extent/patterns of genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium and to reveal the unidentified genetic potential for critical agronomic traits 12, 13, 14, 15. However, a thorough understanding of the genetic diversity and population structure of moso bamboo is lacking due to the unavailability of a more comprehensive population analysis of genome-wide variations, especially when the reference genome is available 10, 11. Recent studies on the genetic diversity of moso bamboo have been performed using various types of molecular markers, such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) 6, amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) 7, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) 8, and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers 9. A genome-scale investigation of the genetic diversity, population differentiation, and spatial structure of moso bamboo across the entire distribution range in China are essential for designing and implementing appropriate conservation strategies to harness its natural and domesticated biodiversity. Human activities and environmental factors have caused some disturbance to spontaneous vegetation, resulting in habitat deterioration and germplasm loss 5. ![]() It is primarily an asexually reproducing perennial grass in subtropical areas and is mainly distributed in southern China (a relatively independent geographic population has been established in the area between ~23☃0′ to 32☂0′ N and 104☃0′ to 122° E) 3, and its growth status varies with latitude, longitude, and topography 4. Moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis) is the most important bamboo species worldwide, accounting for ~74% of the total bamboo-growing area (4.68 million ha) 1, with production corresponding to 5 billion US dollars annually in China 2. These results provide a foundation and resources for understanding moso bamboo evolution and the genetic mechanisms of agriculturally important traits. Finally, we conduct genome-wide association analysis of nine important property-related traits to identify candidate genes, many of which are involved in cell wall, carbohydrate metabolism, and environmental adaptation. We define five phylogenetic groups and infer that one group probably originated by a single-origin event from East China. We infer its demographic history with one bottleneck and its recently small population without a rebound. ![]() ![]() We uncover low genetic diversity, high genotype heterozygosity, and genes under balancing selection underlying moso bamboo population adaptation. Here, we report a moso bamboo genomic variation atlas of 5.45 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from whole-genome resequencing of 427 individuals covering 15 representative geographic areas. Further development of this species as a sustainable bamboo resource has been hindered by a lack of population genome information. Moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis) is an economically and ecologically important nontimber forestry species. Nature Communications volume 12, Article number: 5466 ( 2021) Analysis of 427 genomes reveals moso bamboo population structure and genetic basis of property traits
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